KLOZUR® SODIUM PERSULFATE

Chemical Oxidation Overview

The four main categories of chemical oxidation technologies are based on the following primary oxidants:

  • Hydrogen Peroxide
  • Ozone
  • Permanganate
  • Persulfate

Technologies based on the first three primary oxidants have been in use for years. Chemical oxidation was first demonstrated using hydrogen peroxide; Persulfate is the most recent innovation in this area of soil, rock, and water remediation. Click for an Oxidant Comparison Chart which shows key features of these four basic oxidants. FMC is one of the largest hydrogen peroxide manufacturers in the world and the only persulfate manufacturer in North America.

The Key to Chemical Oxidation

Broader destruction capability and faster reaction kinetics are possible when the oxidant is converted (or activated) to a highly unstable radical state. This is the case for each oxidant except permanganate (this oxidant can not be activated). The two primary radicals that are generated from the three oxidants, using various activation techniques, are the hydroxyl radical (from hydrogen peroxide and ozone) and the sulfate radical (from persulfate). From a practical perspective these two radicals represent the most powerful oxidizing agents in environmental remediation.

The hydroxyl radical (OH•) can be created from hydrogen peroxide by contacting the peroxide with transitional metals like iron. The iron can be in a soluble form under acidic conditions or in a chelated state under near neutral pH conditions. Ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide can result in OH• generation. Persulfate can be activated to the sulfate radical (SO4•) state via a number of techniques: high pH, heat, hydrogen peroxide (and OH•), and transition metal including chelated iron. In most situations a variety of radicals (free or anion, etc.) are generated and participate in contaminant destruction.

Klozur® Sodium Persulfate is THE LEADER

Compared to the other three oxidants, persulfate reacts the least with naturally occurring reduced materials like organic matter and reduced metals and therefore the persulfate natural oxidant demand (NOD - a site specific variable) is typically low. Other than permanganate (which has low reaction kinetics but relatively high NOD) persulfate survives the longest in the subsurface. The following important factors form the basis for the assertion that Klozur persulfate is the leading oxidant available to the environmental remediation marketplace:

  • Applicability to a wide range of contaminants
  • Moderate to high reaction kinetics
  • Relatively safe in use
  • Relatively low Natural Oxidant Demand (NOD)
  • Survivability of oxidant in treatment zone
  • Flexibility in activation to radical state
  • Compatibility with other remediation technologies including monitored natural attenuation
  • Unit Price, per unit quantity of oxidant

Klozur® Persulfate is the FMC remediation grade persulfate and when you purchase Klozur you obtain the right to use FMC patented, patent-pending, or licensed activation techniques. Contact us today!

Klozur persulfate comes in 55 lbs sacks, and 1000 lb and 2200 lbs IBC (super sacks).  Click for Klozur persulfate Technical Brochure and Klozur persulfate MSDS .


  Authorized Manufacturer's Representative for North America

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